History of the USI

The United Service Institution of India (USI), founded in Simla in 1870 by Col. (later Maj Gen) Charles Metcalf MacGregor, was established to advance military knowledge and professional development among British Indian Army officers. Its mission encompassed promoting knowledge in the art, science, and literature of national security, with a particular focus on the Defence Services. Starting with a modest membership of 215, USI has since grown to over 15,000 members, a testament to its enduring relevance and the expanding role it continues to play in fostering military expertise and strategic knowledge.

USI initially operated out of a small section in Simla's Town Hall before relocating to a building of its own in 1910. In its second year, i.e., 1871, the USI began publishing its flagship journal, which continues to be the oldest defence journal in Asia. From its inception, the journal served as a crucial platform for discussions on defence matters, fostering free expression of ideas irrespective of rank. This platform garnered global interest, especially in British military academies, given the Empire's then-preeminent position. The journal has since played an essential role in addressing defence challenges and developments and is highly regarded among defence publications.

USI launched a prestigious Gold Medal essay competition in 1872, which reflects contemporary views on security and defence. A second medal was later introduced for officers with under ten years of service, broadening its engagement with young professionals in the armed forces. However, presently there is only one category for officers of any service. Since its inception, USI has also hosted lectures by distinguished figures in global security. Over time, the Institution expanded these offerings to include seminars, panel discussions, and international collaborations, strengthening its standing as a platform for high-calibre, open discussions.

In 1888, USI introduced the MacGregor Memorial Medal for exceptional military reconnaissance efforts. Though opportunities for such reconnaissance have diminished, the award remains a highly respected recognition in Indian military circles.

Subsequently, two other essay competitions, the Lt Gen SL Menezes Memorial Essay Competition (2015) and the War Wounded Foundation Joint Essay Competition were commenced.

In addition to the USI Journal, the USI also publishes books, monographs, occasional papers and joint publications (with armed forces organisations).

Professional advancement of serving officers has always been an important activity of the Institution since 1903. USI has significantly influenced the professional advancement of Indian defence officers, a role it formalised in 1958 with the introduction of preparatory courses (now correspondence courses)for Defence Services Staff College Entrance Exam, Promotion Exams Part B and D and the Professional Military Education for the Indian Navy.

In 1953, USI moved to Delhi, setting up operations in a section of Kashmir House. Efforts to secure a dedicated facility took over four decades, culminating in the establishment of USI's current premises in June 1996. The relocation and new infrastructure enabled the expansion of USI’s research capabilities, leading to the establishment of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Simulation, the Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, and the Centre for UN Peacekeeping. These centres have earned strong reputations for their scholarly contributions and active roles in research and training.

Subsequently, from 2019 to 2024, The Centre for Courses commenced the Online Pre-Staff Course for officers appearing for Defence Services Staff College for three subjects which were earlier conducted by respective Army Commands as Command Pre-Staff Courses. Another initiative from 2024 included the commencement of a new Pre-Staff Course for the officers of IAF. Today, more than 3,000 officers benefit from these courses each year, underscoring USI's ongoing contribution to military education.

The USI library, built over 150 years, is the heart of the institution, housing more than 72,000 books and over 100 journals. It also boasts a valuable collection of rare books, some dating back 400 years, on a wide range of subjects, with a focus on strategy and defence. The library has been a key resource for scholars, including renowned foreign researchers.

Throughout its history, USI has faced financial hardships, sometimes approaching closure. During these times, government support was essential to maintain operations and publish its journal. However, USI’s financial position has since stabilised, allowing it to operate independently, an attribute crucial to its autonomy. This independence is protected by its Council, comprised of elected members and senior Defence representatives in ex-officio roles. The Council’s commitment to upholding USI’s autonomy and welcoming diverse perspectives from military and civilian members ensures a broad-based, inclusive approach to its mission.

Despite financial challenges, USI has maintained its autonomy and expanded its scope. Apart from the Centre of Strategic Studies and Simulation and Cetre for UN Peacekeeping, the USI incorporates Centre for Military History and Conflict Studies, Centre for Atmanirbhar Bharat, Centre for Courses, Editorial Section, and Administration Section. Its commitment to military scholarship and national service has earned recognition from military leaders and the defence community.

USI operates as a registered society managed by an elected Council, which collaborates closely with the three Services, including senior defence officers of Vice Chief rank as ex-officio members. The institution's reputation is bolstered by its autonomous character, consistently upheld by the Council. Internally the USI is managed by a Director General, a Deputy Director General and Six Directors.

The USI has consistently contributed to national defence by adhering to its charter, guided by a dedicated staff, visionary directors, and the experienced oversight of its Council. During a 1949 address, General K. M. Cariappa emphasised USI's role in keeping military personnel updated and fostering inter-service unity. He encouraged ongoing support from the Ministry of Defence, the three Service Headquarters, and individuals committed to India’s territorial integrity. USI’s legacy, respected by both the Armed Forces and the nation, highlights its role as an enduring institution advancing national security, promoting inter-service harmony, and supporting informed, forward-looking defence discourse.

The USI has evolved from a modest institution into a pillar of India’s defence landscape. Its focus on scholarship, professional development, and open dialogue has positioned it as a critical forum in the nation’s security and defence policy discourse. With a robust membership, international engagement, and growing research centres, USI stands as a testament to the value of dedicated service to national security. Its continuing relevance reflects the foresight of its founders and the dedication of those who have guided it across generations. The Institution remains poised to address the challenges of modern security while preserving its legacy as a centre of defence knowledge and expertise.